National Distribution in the 1980s

When I started this column two years ago, I defined the Canadian Silver Age differently from how John Bell does in his book Invaders from the North. My definition of the era captures all of the comics created in Canada from the beginning of the Giveaway era in the early 1960s through 1990 with the establishment of Drawn & Quarterly. Mr. Bell’s Canadian Silver Age is much more condensed, beginning in 1975 when two Canadian comic series achieved national distribution for the first time since the end of the Canadian Golden Age and culminating in 1988 when the speculator bubble around independent and alternative black and white comics came to an abrupt halt.

My definition and Mr. Bell’s definition of the Canadian Silver Age are both reasonable and I encourage readers to decide which definition suits their own collecting needs best. That said, for the past two years I have presented little information from the thirteen years that Mr. Bell highlights in Invaders from the North and have instead focused on more obscure offerings from the 1960s and 1970s, with only the occasional foray into publications from the 1980s. This month I delve into the era of national distribution in broad strokes by looking at the comics that started the momentum in the 1970s and will focus on the two companies that survived the bubble bursting in 1988. Next month I will continue the discussion by focusing on the companies that made major waves during the 1980s but did not survive after the bubble burst.

1975 was an important year for the Canadian comic book industry because, that July, Richard Comely’s first issue of Captain Canuck was released nationwide. The first issue was drawn by Mr. Comely with writing contributions from Ron Leishman and Dave Abbott. One story in the first issue was also inked and lettered by Owen McCarron. Subsequent issues included artwork from George Freeman and Jean-Claude St. Aubin (effectively launching their careers). The first four issues were published in Winnipeg, while nine more numbered issues and a summer special were published in Calgary. The unfinished series came to an abrupt end after issue # 13 in 1981. Comely then created two issues of Star Rider and the Peace Machine in 1982, before abandoning that project too. Comely would eventually finish the original Captain Canuck series twenty-three years later with issues # 14 and 15.

Despite its short original run, Captain Canuck helped to change the comic industry in Canada and has stayed in the public consciousness. It has had several reboots over the years, its own animated web series and is currently being published by Chapterhouse. Additionally, there is a breadth of merchandise associated with the characters from the comic’s original run and Captain Canuck merchandise (from apparel to toys) continues to be sold today.

A second comic book of great importance was already being published in 1975: James Waley’s anthology alternative comic Orb Magazine was first published in Toronto in 1974. Despite only lasting for six issues, the series highlighted emerging Canadian creators that may not have had a showcase otherwise, some of whom were also involved in the student publication Gamut at Sheridan College. Today, Orb Magazine is best remembered for Northern Light, the first (non-parody) Canadian superhero created since the 1940s.

Other nationally distributed comics began to appear in 1976 and 1977, including the Silver Snail’s Andromeda Publications series Arik Khan and Andromeda, which lasted three and six issues, respectively. In Vancouver, Stampart’s underground series Fog City Comics (which also lasted three issues) brought the talents of Rand Holmes, Brent Boates and George Metzger back to Canada for the first time since the early 1970s. Jim McPherson’s ambitious series Phantacea was also published in Vancouver at the time. Comic shops around Canada (such as Now & Then Books and the Silver Snail) were quick to promote these fledgling Canadian series. Some of these comics also received distribution in the United States thanks to the support of Californian distributor (and Comic Book Daily reader) Bud Plant, as well as New York distributor Phil Seuling.

These publications were all short-lived but set the stage for what was to come. What is arguably the most important and most famous Canadian comic series of all time debuted in December 1977: Cerebus the Aardvark. The Kitchener, Ontario publication was created by Dave Sim and published by his then-wife, Deni Loubert (then Deni Sim), under the Aardvark-Vanaheim imprint. Exquisite background illustrator, Gerhard, would join the series with issue # 65 in 1984 and would continue to work on the series until its conclusion.

Cerebus the Aardvark would run for three hundred issues, ending in 2004, with several spin-offs and related comics published during its initial run. Dave Sim would bring the character back in 2016 with his series Cerebus in Hell? and has continued to release a series of one-shot comics featuring the character in the years since. Aardvark-Vanaheim is the longest-lasting Canadian comic publisher in history, though since 1985 it has exclusively published comics created by Sim (with the exception of The Puma Blues, which was published under Sim’s “Aardvark One International” sub-label for twenty issues from 1986-1988 before finishing its run with Mirage Studios in the USA).

The importance of Cerebus the Aardvark and Aardvark-Vanaheim cannot be understated. The character took the independent scene by storm and the first issue became one of the most coveted comics of its era (and continues to be one of the most coveted comics from the 1970s among collectors who lump it in with the American Bronze Age) to the extent that a well-known counterfeit was for sale by the early 1980s. The comic’s success led to Sim taking on a celebrity status rarely afforded to independent comic creators at the time and inspired other creators to take the leap of faith needed to put their own ideas to paper and print, most notably Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird’s Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

Aardvark-Vanaheim’s success also translated to an expanded catalogue of creator-owned titles thanks to the work of Deni Loubert. By the end of 1982, Loubert had edited Michael T. Gilbert’s Strange Brew one-shot through Aardvark-Vanaheim. In 1983, Loubert started publishing William Messner-Loebs’ Journey and Katherine Collins’ (then Arn Saba) whimsical classic Neil the Horse. By 1984, Aardvark-Vanaheim was publishing Bob Burden’s Flaming Carrot Comics, Jim Valentino’s normalman and had taken over publishing Max Allen Collins and Terry Beatty’s Ms. Tree from Eclipse. However, when Sim and Loubert separated in 1984, she moved to the United States, started Renegade Press, and assumed publishing duties of all non-Cerebus titles. Renegade Press would last until 1989 and would publish some Canadian creators’ works in the process, most notably R.G. Taylor and Dave Derrigo’s Wordsmith. After Renegade Press folded, several series moved to other American publishers.

At the same time that Aardvark-Vanaheim was gaining steam as a publisher, a twenty-year-old high school dropout in Toronto named Bill Marks started Vortex Comics. South of the border, black and white alternative and independent comics were starting to take off. The publisher Pacific Comics had already grown substantially and Eclipse was starting to make waves. The future for these comics seemed bright in North America. Vortex was the first new Canadian company to take advantage of this era of rapid growth and quickly published its first comic series, Vortex, in 1982. Like Orb Magazine and Andromeda before it, Vortex was an anthology that showcased emerging and established Canadian talent. The first issue of Vortex featured a story by Peter Hsu, who would start self-publishing his own work in 1983, beginning with his graphic novel, Hellrazor. This was followed by Hsu’s eight-issue series Quadrant, which ran from 1983-1986.

Early issues of Vortex were edited by Marks and received limited distribution. Wanting to grow, Marks employed Ken Steacy as editor. Steacy had contributed to both Orb and Andromeda, and then the American publications Star Reach and Epic Illustrated prior to joining Vortex. Marks embarked on aggressive expansion, adding Dean Motter and Paul Rivoche’s Mister X in 1983 and Ty Templeton’s Stig’s Inferno by 1984.

Mister X would become Vortex’s longest-running title but barely got off the ground. After nearly a year of promoting the series, the first issue remained unfinished and Rivoche quit the project. Marks was not convinced that Motter would be able to produce the series and hired the Hernandez brothers to take control of the series.

The first four issues of Mister X written and drawn by the Hernandez brothers, who had already gained notoriety for their series Love & Rockets. However, the brothers failed to meet the bi-monthly deadlines for the comic and eventually quit working for Vortex due to payment delays. Motter took over writing duties for the remaining issues of the first series of Mister X (which ran for fourteen issues until the end of 1988). Newcomer and future Palookaville creator, Seth, would pencil issues # 5-13. A second volume of Mister X ran for thirteen issues from 1989-1991. This new series was written by Jeffrey Morgan and was drawn by Shane Oakley (issues # 1-6) and D’Israeli (issues # 7-12). Altogether, Vortex published twenty-seven issues of Mister X over two volumes, plus a one-shot special in 1990. Vortex also reprinted the Hernandez brothers’ issues in graphic novel form in 1986 under the title The Return of Mister X. The character would reappear in a mini-series for Caliber Comics in the 1990s and again for Dark Horse in 2008.

Vortex would continue to grow throughout the 1980s by adding series by Canadian, American and European creators to their roster. This included Klaus Schoenefeld’s Kelvin Mace and Matt Howarth’s Those Annoying Post Bros. in 1985; Chester Brown’s Yummy Fur and Bill White and Gary Fields’ Kaptain Keen and Kompany in 1986; Ted McKeever’s Transit and Matt Howarth’s Savage Henry in 1987; and Howard Chaykin’s Black Kiss in 1988. Black Kiss became one of the most controversial comics of its era, but this is a story for another day.

The market for independent and alternative black and white comics crashed in 1987 and 1988 due to the speculator bubble that had been built up around Cerebus the Aardvark and (especially) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. By this time, a plethora of bad comics were being churned out to take advantage of the popularity of the Ninja Turtles in particular and the American market became over-saturated with comics such as Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung-Fu Kangaroos and Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters (for example). Unfortunately, this affected the Canadian market detrimentally, despite comics from the major Canadian publishers avoiding this kind of copycatting.

The mainstream American publishers avoided this crash for a few more years, but the majority of North America’s independent comic publishers folded around this time. Vortex was one of the few Canadian publishers that survived the burst of this bubble, but the company’s output rapidly declined. By 1990, most of its series were cancelled or had moved to other publishers. Yummy Fur was the final holdout, moving to Drawn & Quarterly in 1991. Marks attempted to adapt to the changing market, by starting a short-lived relationship with NASCAR beginning in 1991. Other than a couple of one-shots and Fiona Smyth’s four-issue series, Nocturnal Emissions, Vortex’s focus from 1991 until it closed its doors in 1994 was on publishing comics related to NASCAR, such as Legends of NASCAR and NASCAR Adventures.

In addition to Aardvark-Vanaheim and Vortex, there were three other major Canadian publishers during the 1980s that continue to leave a mark on the Canadian comic industry: Barry Blair’s Aircel, Mark Shainblum and Gabrielle Morrissette’s Matrix Graphic Series, and Paul Stockton and Derek McCulloch’s Strawberry Jam Comics. Like Aardvark-Vanaheim and Vortex, Aircel was a prolific publisher of many series during the 1980s. Matrix Graphic Series and Strawberry Jam published far fewer series than these “big three,” but their lasting importance deserves a closer look. As such, I will return to this topic next month and will delve deeper into the collapse of the black and white comic bubble that effectively ended the Canadian Silver Age.

Thank you to everyone who has continued to read Forgotten Silver here at Comic Book Daily. When I started this column two years ago, I had high hopes that I would be able to contribute to expanding interest in Canadian comics from yesteryear. I can hardly believe that this is the twenty-fifth monthly edition of my column. I am looking forward to continuing to write this column for years to come!

To say that 2020 has been a bad year is an understatement. As we enter the holidays facing lockdowns and worse, at least there appears to be light at the end of the tunnel now that the first vaccine has been approved by Health Canada. Hopefully, by this time next year, we will all be in a much better situation. That said, writing this monthly column has helped to keep me sane since the pandemic began. Thanks again to everyone who took the time to comment on a particular entry or who reached out to me via email or through Facebook this year. I really appreciate it.

I ended last year by asking readers what they would like to read about in 2020. Several people asked me to write about mini-comics, and I catered to this request several times this year (in ways that I hope were both unexpected and entertaining). I have several articles already planned for 2021, but I also would like to cater to Forgotten Silver readers again next year. Let me know what you would like to see in 2021 in the comments section.

I hope that everyone has a happy holiday and a great New Year too! See you in 2021.

Cheers, Dr. brian Campbell